Boiling Heat Transfer in Copper Foam Bilayers in Positive and Inverse Gradients of Pore Density

Document Type : Regular Article

Authors

1 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China

2 State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China

3 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence,13007, France

Abstract

Gradient metal foam is an advanced heat transfer material that decreases resistance to bubble escape and enhances the transfer of boiling heat. In this study, boiling heat transfer and bubble behavior were studied in an experimental set-up with copper foam bilayers configurated either in positive or inverse gradients, utilizing deionized water as working fluid. Positive gradient refers to arranging metal foam layers with high pore density at the bottom, above the heat source, and low pore density on the top. Results show that the heat transfer is higher for gradient metal foam surfaces, of 6.14×105 W/m2, versus a uniform metal foam surface, of 3.94×105 W/m2. For the positive gradient configuration, boiling heat transfer performance first increased with the pore density, then decreased when the pore density was higher than 60 pores per inch (PPI). By contrast, for the inverse gradient, the heat transfer performance was nearly constant with increasing pore density. At the low pore density, the inverse gradient performed better than the positive gradient during the whole boiling process. At high pore density, the positive gradient structure performed better in heat transfer at the early boiling stage. Three main types of bubble escape were observed: For the positive gradient bilayer, the bubbles moved up or down without lateral interference. In contrast, for inverse gradient, the bubbles mostly escape from the sides, which is easy to induce bubble merging. The inverse gradient surface generates larger bubbles, while the positive gradient surface produces a higher frequency of bubble detachment. Accordingly, two liquid replenishment models are proposed: for the positive gradient, external liquid replenishes from the side into the copper foam, while for inverse gradient, the liquid is mainly replenished from the top.

Keywords

References

An, Y., C. Huang and X. Wang (2021). Effects of thermal conductivity and wettability of porous materials on the boiling heat transfer. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 170, 107110.##
Armin, S., T. Outi and C. Mauro (2021). Effects of surface nanostructure and wettability on pool boiling: A molecular dynamics study. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 167, 106980.##
Du, Y, P., C. Y. Zhao and Y. Tian (2012). Analytical considerations of flux boiling heat transfer in metal-foam filled tubes. Heat and Mass Transfer 48(1), 165-173.##
Fan, X. G., L. Yang and M. Zhang (2021). Saturated pool boiling with HFE-7100 on a smooth copper surface under different pressures. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress 40(01), 57-66.##
Gupta, S. K. and R. D. Misra (2019). An experimental investigation on pool boiling heat transfer enhancement using Cu-Al2O3 nano-composite coating. Experimental Heat Transfer 32(2), 133-158.##
He, Z., Y. Yan and Z. Zhang (2021). Thermal management and temperature uniformity enhancement of electronic devices by micro heat sinks: A review. Energy 216, 119223.##
Huang, C. G., H. Wang and E. Lichtfouse (2023). Experimental study of multilayer gradient copper foam effect on pool boiling heat transfer performance and gas-liquid behavior characteristics. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 183, 107856.##
Huang, R. L., C. Y. Zhao and Z. G. Xu (2018). Investigation of bubble behavior in gradient porous media under pool boiling conditions. International Journal of Multiphase Flux 103, 85-93.##
Hyungdae, K. and K. D. Eok (2021). Effects of surface wettability on pool boiling process: Dynamic and thermal behaviors of dry spots and relevant critical heat flux triggering mechanism. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 180, 121762.##
Jia, X., J. Shi and Z. Chen (2017). Single bubble rising dynamics in porous media using lattice Boltzmann method. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing.##
Jun, S., J. Kim and D. Son (2016). Enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer in water using sintered copper microporous coatings. Nuclear Engineering and Technology 48(4), 932-940.##
Katarkar, A. S., A. D. Pingale and S. U. Belgamwar (2021). Experimental study of pool boiling enhancement using a two-step electrodeposited Cu-GNPs nanocomposite porous surface with R-134a. Journal of Heat Transfer 12, 121601.##
Kurihara, H. M. and J. E. Myers (1960). The effects of superheat and surface roughness on boiling coefficients. Aiche Journal 6(1), 83-91.##
Liu, R., Z. C. Teng and S. G. Yao (2021). Effects of different concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles and base fluid types on pool boiling heat transfer in copper foam with bottom condensed reflux. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 163, 106833.##
Ma, Y., C. Huang and X. Wang (2021). Experimental investigation on boiling heat transfer enhanced by gradient aperture porous copper. Applied Thermal Engineering 191, 116877.##
Manetti, L. L., G. Ribatski and R. Souza (2020). Pool boiling heat transfer of HFE-7100 on metal foams. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 113, 110025.##
Mao, Y. B., W. Chen and J. Wang (2015). The heat transfer characteristics of open-cell metal foams in pool boiling. Cryogenics and Superconductivity 43(06), 79-83.##
Mo, D. C., S. Yang and J. L. Luo (2020). Enhanced pool boiling performance of a porous honeycomb copper surface with radial diameter gradient. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 157, 119867.##
Moffat, R. J. (1988). Describing the uncertainties in experimental results. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 1(1), 3-17．##
Moghaddam, S., M. Ohadi and J. Qi (2003). Pool boiling of water and fc-72 on copper and graphite foams. In Asme International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference & Exhibition.##
Moha, M. S. K. and L. Ference (2020). Enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer performance using dilute cerium oxide/water nanofluid: An experimental investigation. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 114, 104587.##
Robert, K. P. and P. Robert (2021). Pool boiling of water on surfaces with open microchannels. Energies 14(11), 3062-3062.##
Sarangi, S., J. A. Weibel and S. V. Garimella (2015). Effect of particle size on surface-coating enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 81, 103-113.##
Wang, H. and L. J. Guo (2016). Experimental investigation on pressure drop and heat transfer in metal foam filled tubes under convective boundary condition. Chemical Engineering Science 63(05), 438-448.##
Wang, H., L. J. Guo and K. Chen (2020). Theoretical and experimental advances on heat transfer and flow characteristics of metal foams. Science China Technological Sciences 155, 705-718.##
Xu, J, L., X. B. Ji and W. Zhang (2008). Pool boiling heat transfer of ultra-light copper foam with open cells. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 34(11), 1008-1022.##
Xu, Z. G. and J. Qin (2018). Pool boiling investigation on gradient metal foams with double layers. Applied Thermal Engineering 131, 595-606.##
Xu, Z. G., C. Y. Zhao and Y. Zhao (2015a). Experimental investigation on pool boiling heat transfer of gradient metal foams. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 36(10), 2240-2244.##
Xu, Z. G., M. Q. Wang and C. Y. Zhao (2015b). Investigation on pool boiling heat transfer of metal foam with gradient pore densities. Journal of Thermal Science and Technology 14(02), 106-113.##
Xu, Z. G., S. Mou and Q. Wang (2018). Experimental investigation on pool boiling mechanism of two-level gradient metal foams in deionized water, aqueous surfactant solutions and polymeric additive solutions. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 96, 20-32.##
Yang, G., R. Xu and Y. Wang (2022). Pore-scale numerical simulations of flow and convective heat transfer in a porous woven metal mesh. Chemical Engineering Science 10, 150-159.##
Zhang Z. H., S. Mou and Z. G. Xu (2018). Experimental investigation on pool boiling mechanism of the gradient metal foam. In International Heat Transfer Conference Digital Library, Begel House Inc.##
Zhang, H., X. L. Wang and Y. Du (2021). Influence of heating surface size on heat transfer performance of saturated pool boiling. Journal of Xi'an University of Science and Technology 41(03), 417-424.##
Zhao, Z., J. Zhang and D. Jia (2017). Thermal performance analysis of pool boiling on an enhanced surface modified by the combination of microstructures and wetting properties. Applied Thermal Engineering 117, 417-426.##
Zhou, J., P. Z. Xu and B. J. Qi (2022). Effects of micro-pin-fins on the bubble growth and movement of nucleate pool boiling on vertical surfaces. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 171, 107186.##
Zhou, L. P., W. Li and T. X. Ma (2018). Experimental study on boiling heat transfer of a self-rewetting fluid on copper foams with pore-density gradient structures. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 124, 210-219.##
Zhu, Y., H. T. Hu and G. L. Ding (2010). Influence of oil on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant on metal foam covers. International Journal of Refrigeration 34(2), 509-517.##

Files

Cited by

History

  • Received: 24 October 2022
  • Revised: 15 January 2023
  • Accepted: 24 January 2023
  • Available online: 01 May 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics