Piezoelectric Sensors Placement Strategy for Accurate Acoustic Data Evaluation in Cavitation-induced Erosion Processes

Document Type : Regular Article

Authors

1 Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran

2 Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

10.47176/jafm.2025.7608.3003

Abstract

Evaluation of cavitation erosion risk, whether through numerical (CFD) or experimental methods, is crucial in many fluid flow design processes. This risk correlates directly with cavitation signals on affected surfaces. The aim of this study is to optimize the placement of piezoelectric sensors to investigate cavitation-induced erosion on solid surfaces and to enhance the numerical evaluation of their correlation with recorded signals from the sensors. In this study, based on the technical specifications of the K23 tunnel, a convergent-divergent channel has been designed to reduce the pressure in its test section below the vapor pressure, thereby creating the potential for bubble formation on the sample plate. Within this channel, four semi-cylindrical bluff bodies have been utilized as the most effective obstacles to increase cavitation erosion. A quick method for identifying cavitation erosion involves applying a special color to the sample plate. The Film Applicator has been employed as the optimal tool for achieving a uniform color and a thin paint layer on the sample plate. Through CFD modeling, potential cavitation zones are identified under various test conditions to refine the placement of piezoelectric sensors in experimental tests. As a result, piezoelectric sensors are positioned more accurately to measure sound pressure levels. The sound pressure levels obtained using piezoelectric sensors in the time domain, are compared with erosion-induced cavitation zones on the sample test surfaces. The strong agreement between sound pressure levels and observed erosion on the sample plates confirms the accuracy and improvement in the placement of piezoelectric sensors based on CFD modeling.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Bajic, B. (2002). Multidimensional Diagnostics of turbine cavitation. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 124(4), 943–950. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1511162
Brennen, C. (1995). Cavitation and bubble dynamics. Oxford University Press.
Shekhani, H. (2024). COMSOL Simulation of the Direct Piezoelectric Effect. https://www.ultrasonicadvisors.com/comsol-simulation-of-the-direct-piezoelectric-effect
Čudina, M. (2003). Detection of cavitation phenomenon in a centrifugal pump using audible sound. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 17(6), 1335–1347. https://doi.org/10.1006/MSSP.2002.1514
Čudina, M., & Prezelj, J. (2008). Use of audible sound for safe operation of kinetic pumps. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 50(9), 1335–1343. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMECSCI.2008.07.012
De, M. K., & Hammitt, F. G. (1982). New method for monitoring and correlating cavitation noise to erosion capability. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 104(4), 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3241876
Dunlop, R. (2015). Simulating Two Phase Flows Using Star-CCM+. MSc thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK .https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33922.38088
Elforjani, M., & Mba, D. (2009). Detecting natural crack initiation and growth in slow speed shafts with the Acoustic Emission technology. Engineering Failure Analysis, 16(7), 2121–2129. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGFAILANAL.2009.02.005
Escaler, X., Avellan, F., & Egusquiza, E. (2001). Cavitation Erosion prediction from inferred forces using material resistance data. 4th International Symposium on Cavitation (CAV2001).
Escaler, X., Farhat, M., Avellan, F., & Egusquiza, E. (2003). Cavitation erosion tests on a 2D hydrofoil using surface-mounted obstacles. Wear, 254(5–6), 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00261-8
Flageul, C., Fortes, R., & Archer, A. (2012). Cavitation erosion prediction by numerical simulations. 14th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery, Honolulu, HI, USA.
François, L. (2012). Vibratory detection system of cavitation erosion: historic and algorithm validation. 325–330. https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2826-7_150
Garcia, R., & Hammitt, F. G. (1966). Cavitation damage and correlations with material and fluid properties. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/5008
Ge, H., Li, J., & Chen, H. (2016). Cavitation noise from elastic response of metals in ultrasonic cavitation erosion. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 230(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650115619149
Ghahramani, E., Jahangir, S., Neuhauser, M., Bourgeois, S., Poelma, C., & Bensow, R. E. (2020). Experimental and numerical study of cavitating flow around a surface mounted semi-circular cylinder. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2019.103191
Hattori, S., & Ishikura, R. (2010). Revision of cavitation erosion database and analysis of stainless steel data. Wear, 268(1–2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WEAR.2009.07.005
Hattori, S., Mori, H., & Okada, T. (1998). Quantitative evaluation of cavitation erosion. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 120(1), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2819644
He, Y., & Shen, Z. (2022) Experimental Research on Cavitation Erosion Detection Based on Acoustic Emission Technique. www.ndt.net/EWGAE-ICAE2012/
Helal, M. M., Ahmed, T. M., Banawan, A. A., & Kotb, M. A. (2018). Numerical prediction of sheet cavitation on marine propellers using CFD simulation with transition-sensitive turbulence model. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.03.008
Jahangir, S., Ghahramani, E., Neuhauser, M., Bourgeois, S., Bensow, R. E., & Poelma, C. (2021). Experimental investigation of cavitation-induced erosion around a surface-mounted bluff body. Wear, 480–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.203917
Jirarungsatian, C., & Prateepasen, A. (2010). Pitting and uniform corrosion source recognition using acoustic emission parameters. Corrosion Science, 52(1), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CORSCI.2009.09.001
Ju, H. J., & Choi, J. S. (2022). Experimental study of cavitation damage to marine propellers based on the rotational speed in the coastal waters. Machines, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10090793
Karimi, A., & Martin, J. L. (2013). Cavitation erosion of materials. International Metals Reviews. 1986, 31(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1179/IMTR.1986.31.1.1
Lee, I., Park, S., Seok, W., & Rhee, S. H. (2021). A Study on the cavitation model for the cavitating flow analysis around the marine propeller. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2423784
Lush, P. A., & Angell, B. (1984). Correlation of cavitation erosion and sound pressure level. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 106(3), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3243126
Mardin, H., Kamil, K., Amri, A., & Rizal, M. (2023). Sound absorption analysis of carbon steel varied in density and microstructures. Inter-Noise And Noise-Con Congress and Conference Proceedings, 268(3), 5434–5439. https://doi.org/10.3397/IN_2023_0768
Mitrović, D., Zeppelzauer, M., & Breiteneder, C. (2010). Features for content-based audio retrieval. Advances in Computers (Vol. 78, pp. 71–150). Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2458(10)78003-7
Momma, T., & Lichtarowicz, A. (1995). A study of pressures and erosion produced by collapsing cavitation. Wear, 186–187(PART 2), 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(95)07144-X
Shibuya, K., (2001), Murata Manufacturing catalog. Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensors (PIEZOTITE) [Cat. No. P19E-7], Tokyo, Ceramic Society of Japan. http://www.murata.com
Nadery, A., Ghassemi, H., & Chybowski, L. (2021). The effect of the PSS configuration on the hydrodynamic performance of the KP505 propeller behind the KCS. Ocean Engineering, 234, 109310. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2021.109310
Richman, R. H., & McNaughton, W. P. (1990). Correlation of cavitation erosion behavior with mechanical properties of metals. Wear, 140(10), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(90)90122-Q
Siemens Digital Industries Software. (2021). Simcenter STAR-CCM+ Documentation Version 2021.2. https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/global/en/products/simcenter/STAR-CCM.html
Sikirica, A., Carija, Z., Kranjcevic, L., & Lucin, I. (2019). Grid type and turbulence model influence on propeller characteristics prediction. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100374
Sipilä, T. P., Sánchez-Caja, A., & Siikonen, T. L. (2014). Eddy vorticity in cavitating tip vortices modelled by different turbulence models using the rans approach. 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics, WCCM 2014, 5th European Conference on Computational Mechanics, ECCM 2014 and 6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, ECFD 2014.
Steller, J., Gireń, B. G., & Polska Akademia Nauk. (2015). International Cavitation Erosion Test Final Report.
Tunnel, C. (2001). K23 cavitation tunnel. Cussons Technology Ltd https://www.cussons.co.uk.
Varga, J. J., Sebestyen, G., & Fay, A. (1969). Detection of cavitation by acoustic and vibration-measurement methods. La Houille Blanche, 55(2). https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/1969012
Yamagata, T., Saito, N., & Fujisawa, N. (2016). Aeolian tone from a semi-circular cylinder in a stream. Journal of Flow Control, Measurement & Visualization, 04(01), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.4236/jfcmv.2016.41003
Ylönen, M., Saarenrinne, P., Miettinen, J., Franc, J.-P., Fivel, M. C., Laakso, J., Esti,  al, & Fivel, M. (2020). Estimation of cavitation pit distributions by acoustic emission. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2020(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001686ï
Zhang, S., Qian, Z., & Ji, B. (2022). Estimation of cavitation erosion area in unsteady cavitating flows using a modified approach. Ocean Engineering, 262(February 2021), 112229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112229

Files

History

  • Received: 24 July 2024
  • Revised: 06 October 2024
  • Accepted: 18 October 2024
  • Available online: 01 January 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics